Population Estimation and Identification of Long-Tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) Group at Tlogo Muncar Tourism Area, Mount Merapi National Park, After Two Years Closure Caused by the Covid-19 Pandemic

Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis is one of the most common primates in Indonesia. In Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, the long-tailed macaque is habituated in Merapi Forest. The study aims to estimate the long-tailed macaque population and re-identification of groups. Moreover, we will observe the social structures that probably changed because of the interruption of interaction with visitors after the closure of the Tlogo Muncar area during the COVID-19 pandemic. The estimation population study was done using the concentration method. The long-tailed macaque group in Tlogo Muncar consists of three groups: Waterfalls, Mosque, and Joglo Trubus. The study was also identifying the alpha male of each group. The dataset obtained was processed using Microsoft Excel and analyzed descriptively. The results show that the estimated long-tailed macaque population in Tlogo Muncar area is 282 individuals. Alpha male identification of each group found alpha males in the Waterfall Group characterized by a lump on the left eyelid and a wound on the left hand. The alpha male of the Mosque Group is marked by a lump on his left eyelid with maxillary prognathism, while the alpha male of the Joglo Trubus Group has transverse scratches on the nose. The results showed an increase in the long-tailed macaque population in Tlogo Muncar area from 201 individuals in 2021 to 282 individuals in 2022. The increase of ecological pressure perhaps caused the rise in population number in 2022 during the closure of the area, to which the adult female responded by increasing their reproduction rate. The reopening of Tlogo Muncar after the Covid-19 pandemic has increased feed availability and attracted monkeys to forage outside the forest.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ADOPTION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ACTIVITIES OF SMALL AND MEDIAUM ENTERPRISES

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) concept has been going on for over the past two decades. In Thailand, several businesses especially small and medium enterprises (SMEs) had a problem via the pandemic situation of the Coronavirus Disease 2019. However, CSR still act as the main activity for increase the good life of people and the community. The aim of this study is not only to determine business owner's characteristics of SMEs influencing the adoption of CSR, but also determine the SMEs's characteristics of SMEs influencing the adoption of CSR as well as describe the effect of perception towards SMEs adoptions of CSR. The populations of the study are the owner of SMEs manufacturing, excluded trading and services in Thailand who authorized person of company to contribute the CSR sector. The 14 types of industry are selected via the random collection of the database through the Ministry of Industry. The Gross Domestic Product (GPD) is a one factor for concerning the business income. The appropriate formula for 510 sample size determination of the industry matched the population size was selected, and the structural equation model (SEM) was used to confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis. The sampling group of this study used stratified sampling divided by the type of manufacture and each sample group was sampled normally and divided equally.As a consequence, this research contribution is emphasizing the CSR activity of the business in Thailand, the main task of good entrepreneurs needs to highlight a good attitude and kind response in the social community regarding CSR together with increasing the SMEs' ability for doing CSR, which is promoting the good characteristic of the business.

Active Pharmacovigilance in COVID-19 Patients: The Role of a Clinical Pharmacist in the Reporting of Adverse Drug Events: An International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience

Introduction: Like many countries in the world, the first wave of the COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic in Morocco was marked by an overload of infected patients and unprecedented challenges. This, combined with the unknown nature of the disease, has compelled clinicians to prescribe a wide range of medicines, including experimental drugs as well as symptomatic therapies. These practices were associated with an increase in the incidence of adverse drug events (ADEs), which were reported to be higher in the COVID-19 population [1]. Among front-line health workers, pharmacists were assigned various roles such as active and passive pharmacovigilance in order to ensure the safe use of drugs [2]. This was the case of our hospital, where some pharmacists participate in medical rounds to provide pharmaceutical care near patients. Objective: To demonstrate the importance of a clinical pharmacist in the reporting of ADEs in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods: An observational study was conducted between September 2020 and January 2021 at a university hospital in Rabat. Only one of five COVID-19 units had a pharmacist as a full time member of the medical team. The notification of ADEs are made on a sheet designed by the National Pharmacovigilance Center. After assessing the collected ADE's, the pharmacist compared them to all ADE's that were reported from other COVID-19 units during the study period. Data were subsequently analyzed using Excel. Results: A total of 42 ADEs in 35 patients were notified by the pharmacist (population size = 120). Experimental drugs used for the viral treatment (hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin) were the most commonly recorded medications with ADEs (30%), 27% were anti-coagulants and 13,5% were corticosteroids. Regarding ADEs, 26% consisted of QT interval prolongation, followed by hyperkalemia (26%), hyperglycemia (19%), bleeding (7%), and hepatic cytolysis (5%). In comparison, only 3 ADEs were notified from other COVID-19 units of the hospital. Conclusion: Results of our study suggests that the presence of a pharmacist in a multidisciplinary team is crucial to enhance patient care and safety, particularly in these times of crisis. Our study has also shed light on the poor reporting rate of ADEs in the hospitalized patients, which was previously mentioned to be common in the developing world [3]. Strategies to improve the pharmacovigilance system in Morocco are needed to better prepare healthcare structures for future epidemics.

Estimated number of birds killed by domestic cats in Colombia

Wildlife mortality caused by domestic cats is evident where free-roaming house cats are present in the tropical Andes region, a phenomenon for which there is a lack of scientific reports. Our goal is to present plausible range estimates of the potential avoidable number of birds killed by domestic cats in Colombia. We calculated estimates of the number of birds killed as the product of the number of cats, the proportion of cats with at least some outdoor access, the proportion of cats that hunt wildlife, the annual predation probability, and adjustments for estimates of total prey killed by cats. We extracted such data not only from public records, but also from a citizen science study, for which we circulated a questionnaire to examine cat owners' attitudes toward the impact of domestic cats on wildlife during the 2020 and 2021 COVID-19 lockdowns in Colombia. We estimated that three to 12 million birds are killed annually by domestic cats in urban and suburban areas. In addition, we estimated that cats kill eight to 29 million vertebrate fauna in the Andes of Colombia. The total kill estimate provides a first figure on the magnitude of the impact of an anthropogenic cause of wildlife mortality for Colombia. These estimates would be more rigorous if the unowned or feral cat population size in Colombia was better known. Because most pet cats in Colombia roam outdoors without supervision and their population is growing, they pose an increasing threat to wildlife. Intervention is urgent to mitigate bird mortality by domestic cats.Alternate :La mortalité de la faune sauvage causée par les chats domestiques est évidente dans les régions où des chats de maison évoluent librement dans la région tropicale des Andes, un phénomène au sujet duquel les rapports scientifiques sont insuffisants. Notre objectif est de présenter des estimations de plages plausibles du nombre potentiellement évitable d'oiseaux tués par des chats domestiques en Colombie. Nous avons calculé des estimations du nombre d'oiseaux tués en tant que produit du nombre de chats, de la proportion de chats ayant au moins un certain accès à l'extérieur, de la proportion de chats qui chassent des animaux sauvages, de la probabilité de prédation annuelle et des ajustements des estimations du nombre total de proies tuées par des chats. Nous avons extrait ces données non seulement des dossiers publics, mais aussi d'une étude scientifique réalisée auprès des citoyens, pour laquelle nous avons fait circuler un questionnaire afin d'examiner les attitudes des propriétaires de chats par rapport à la faune sauvage pendant les confinements de 2020 et 2021 liés au COVID-19 en Colombie. Nous avons estimé que trois à 12 millions d'oiseaux sont tués chaque année par des chats domestiques en ville et en banlieue. En outre, nous avons calculé que les chats tuent huit à 29 millions de vertébrés dans les Andes de Colombie. L'estimation totale du nombre d'animaux tués fournit un premier chiffre quant à la magnitude de l'impact d'une cause anthropique de la mortalité de la faune en Colombie. Ces estimations seraient plus rigoureuses si nous connaissions mieux la taille de la population de chats inconnus ou sauvages en Colombie. Dans la mesure où la plupart des chats domestiques en Colombie errent à l'extérieur sans surveillance et où leur population augmente, ils représentent une menace croissante pour la faune sauvage. Une intervention est urgente pour atténuer la mortalité des oiseaux causée par les chats domestiques.

Neighbourhood-scale wastewater-based epidemiology for COVID-19: opportunities and challenges

Auckland is New Zealand's largest city and is the main international entry point to New Zealand, with most of the nation's Managed Isolation and Quarantine Facilities. Consequently, it is the place most likely for a COVID-19 outbreak to occur and, accordingly, has been the focus of efforts to monitor SARS-CoV-2 via wastewater-based epidemiology. Historically, wastewater-based epidemiology has mainly been applied at the catchment or sewershed scale, with samples collected at wastewater treatment plants. COVID-19 has necessitated a re-evaluation of this broad-scale approach to wastewaterbased epidemiology in New Zealand, where there is a need for more detailed information to better target the public health response. Using Auckland as a case study, this paper assesses the spatial and temporal extent of the city's wastewater network to inform the selection of strategic neighbourhoodscale sampling sites for wastewater-based epidemiology. Sample site selection criteria included topology and connectivity of the sewer network, the capacity to record sewer flow, limited rain infiltration, resident population, and accessibility. Six sites were identified that provide an immediate opportunity for neighbourhood-scale monitoring. Reflecting on the analysis required for selecting appropriate monitoring locations, the paper moves to critically discuss the key unknowns and research needs associated with conducting neighbourhoodscale wastewater-based epidemiology. Population mobility poses challenges for estimating population size and for capturing a positive SARS-CoV-2 signal in wastewater at this scale. There is a need to determine the full spectrum of residence times within the sewer network to design representative sampling and the implications of disregarding residence times in the current sampling regimes are poorly understood. Hydraulic models require refinement to accurately account for variable residence times and topological features in the network (e.g., holding tanks and pumping stations). Addressing these challenges is urgent and ongoing to realise the benefits of neighbourhood-scale wastewater-based epidemiology in response to COVID-19 and beyond.

Asymmetric Effects of Economic Development, Agroforestry Development, Energy Consumption, and Population Size on CO2 Emissions in China

The COVID-19 epidemic and the Russian–Ukrainian conflict have led to a global food and energy crisis, making the world aware of the importance of agroforestry development for a country. Modern agriculture mechanization leads to massive energy consumption and increased CO2 emissions. At the same time, China is facing serious demographic problems and a lack of consumption in the domestic market. The Chinese government is faced with the dilemma of balancing environmental protection with economic development in the context of the “double carbon” strategy. This article uses annual World Bank statistics from 1990 to 2020 to study the asymmetric relationships between agroforestry development, energy consumption, population size, and economic development on CO2 emissions in China using the partial least squares path model (PLS-PM), the autoregressive VAR vector time series model, and the Granger causality test. The results are as follows: (1) The relationship between economic development and carbon dioxide emissions, agroforestry development and carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, and population size and carbon dioxide emissions are both direct and indirect, with an overall significant positive effect. There is a direct negative relationship between population size and carbon dioxide emissions. (2) The results of the Granger causality test show that economic development, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions are the causes of the development of agroforestry;economic development, agroforestry development, population size, and CO2 emissions are the causes of energy consumption;energy consumption is the cause of economic development and CO2 emissions;and agroforestry development is the cause of population size and energy consumption. (3) In the next three years, China’s agroforestry development will be influenced by the impulse response of economic development, energy consumption, and CO2 emission factors, showing a decreasing development trend. China’s energy consumption will be influenced by the impulse response of economic development, agroforestry development, population size, and CO2 emission factors, showing a decreasing development trend, followed by an increasing development trend. China’s CO2 emission will be influenced by the impulse response of energy consumption and agroforestry development. China’s CO2 emissions will be influenced by the impulse response of energy consumption and agroforestry development factors, showing a downward and then an upward development trend.

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Water Utility Operations and Vulnerability

The COVID-19 pandemic affected the operation of water utilities across the world. In the context of utilities, new protocols were needed to ensure that employees can work safely, and that water service is not interrupted. This study reports on how the operations of 27 water utilities worldwide were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Interviews were conducted between June and October 2020;respondents represent utilities that varied in population size, location, and customer composition (e.g., residential, industrial, commercial, institutional, and university customers). Survey questions focused on the effects of the pandemic on water system operation, demand, revenues, system vulnerabilities, and the use and development of emergency response plans (ERPs). Responses indicate that significant changes in water system operations were implemented to ensure that water utility employees could continue working while maintaining safe social distancing or alternatively working from home. A total of 23 of 27 utilities reported small changes in demand volumes and patterns, which can lead to some changes in water infrastructure operations and water quality. Utilities experienced a range of impacts on finances, where most utilities discussed small decreases in revenues, with a few reporting more drastic impacts. The pandemic revealed new system vulnerabilities, including supply chain management, capacity of staff to perform certain functions remotely, and finances. Some utilities applied existing guidance developed through ERPs with slight modifications, other utilities developed new ERPs to specifically address unique conditions induced by the pandemic, and a few utilities did not use or reference their existing ERPs to change operations. Many utilities suggested that lessons learned would be used in future ERPs, such as personnel training on pandemic risk management or annual mock exercises for preparing employees to better respond to emergencies.

Assessment of Critical Diffusion Factors of Public–Private Partnership and Social Policy: Evidence from Mainland Prefecture-Level Cities in China

Cooperation between government and social capital is an important starting point in the supply-side reform of public services. It is also an effective practice in public governance innovation. Based on policy diffusion theory and event history analysis (EHA), this study analyzes panel data from 282 mainland prefecture-level cities in China from 2004–2020 to explore public–private partnerships’ critical diffusion factors. The study reveals that motivation factors, resource/obstacle factors, and external factors affect government and social capital cooperation policies to different extents. The main driving forces for local governments to adopt these policies are population size, level of economic development, government financial resources, the learning mechanism, and the imitation mechanism. This study proposes the following arguments: firstly, that the ultimate goal of policy innovation is to solve social contradictions and meet public demand;secondly, that economic resources can help to adopt policy innovation and proper diffusion;thirdly, that the public–private partnership (PPP) model has been continuously developed by using experience from other projects or cities through a learning mechanism;and finally, that policy publicity and public opinion expressed via the mainstream media are not only an inducement for policy innovation and diffusion, but also a powerful guarantee. The experience of local governments in China can help to verify whether the “positive factors” that are traditionally considered to be conducive to the cooperation between the government and social capital are effective, and to reveal the internal logic of the innovation diffusion of public policies of local governments in China from a more multidimensional perspective.

Evaluating the Use of Alternative Normalization Approaches on SARS-CoV-2 Concentrations in Wastewater: Experiences from Two Catchments in Northern Sweden

The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments in feces has paved the way for wastewater-based epidemiology to contribute to COVID-19 mitigation measures, with its use in a public health context still under development. As a way to facilitate data comparison, this paper explores the impact of using alternative normalization approaches (wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) flow, population size estimates (derived using total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and census data) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV)) on the relationship between viral wastewater data and clinical case numbers. Influent wastewater samples were collected at two WWTPs in Luleå, northern Sweden, between January and March 2021. TN and TP were determined upon sample collection, with RNA analysis undertaken on samples after one freeze–thaw cycle. The strength of the correlation between normalization approaches and clinical cases differed between WWTPs (r ≤ 0.73 or r ≥ 0.78 at the larger WWTP and r ≤ 0.23 or r ≥ 0.43 at the smaller WWTP), indicating that the use of wastewater as an epidemiological tool is context-dependent. Depending on the normalization approach utilized, time-shifted analyses imply that wastewater data on SARS-CoV-2 RNA pre-dated a rise in clinical cases by 0–2 and 5–8 days, for the lager and smaller WWTPs, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 viral loads normalized to the population or PMMoV better reflect the number of clinical cases when comparing wastewater data between sewer catchments.

Evolution of Urban Construction Land Structure Based on Information Entropy and Shift-Share Model: An Empirical Study on Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration in China

Urban agglomerations are important carriers of the current world economic development and economic center of gravity shift, while urban construction land structure reflects and influences the functions and development directions of urban agglomerations and cities within them. It is significant to study the characteristics of urban construction land structure in urban agglomerations. Based on information entropy model and shift-share model, this study discusses and analyzes the evolution characteristics and spatial allocation differences of urban construction land structure in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, and simulates the spatial allocation differences with the help of GIS technology. The empirical research results show that from, 2006 to 2017, the overall structure of urban construction land in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration changes alternately between “orderly” and “disorderly”, and finally the overall development was slightly disordered. Furthermore, there are significant differences in the competitiveness of different types of land in different cities. Among them, green land, public facilities land, and road traffic land show obvious replenishment effect, which are mainly distributed in Handan-Zhangjiakou northwestern Hebei, Tianjin-Cangzhou in the eastern coast, Baoding-Xingtai in central and southern Hebei, while industrial land and storage land, which are mainly distributed in Beijing-Tangshan-Langfang around the capital and Shijiazhuang-Handan-Hengshui in central and southern Hebei, show obvious crowding-out effect. In addition, the temporal changes and spatial allocation differences of urban construction land structure are influenced by many factors, such as economic development, industrial structure, population size, etc. Therefore, it is suggested that the coordinated development of urban agglomerations should adhere to the principle of “differentiated development before coordinated development, local coordinated development before overall coordinated development”.

Convergence of Population Structures of the European Union Member States—The Past and the Future

The Eurostat projections indicate that, by 2050, most of the European Union member states will see a fall in their population size, a drop in the share of young people, and a simultaneous rise in the share of elderly persons. There exist visible disproportions in the population structures between the EU countries, and the ageing of the population has two dimensions: it is occurring from the top down and from the bottom up. The goal of the study was to assess the stage of advancement and diversity of the ageing of population in the past and in the year 2050. Convergence models were designed for ten variables (indicators for structures by age, demographic dependency, median age) and a synthetic variable characterising the stage of advancement of the ageing of the structures. The occurrence of beta- and sigma-convergence of population structures in EU-27 in the years 2004–2020 and 2020–2050 were verified. The results indicate that absolute beta-convergence of the variables characterising the population structures in the EU countries happened in the past and will happen in around 2050. No unambiguous proof has been found for sigma-convergence, i.e., for any significant decrease over time in the diversity between the countries in terms of the studied variables that characterise the ageing process. In the past, the bottom-up ageing has occurred faster than the top-down ageing, while, in the future, it is expected to be the other way round.